Dictionary
Finnish-English Dictionary of Finance and Economics
Finnish Words starting with letter «V»
results found: 973
claim, legal claim
term of office, (government's, presidential) term of office
walk-in closet, cloakroom, cloak-room
demand, require, call for, insist, necessitate, ask, claim, stipulate, challenge, lay claim
claim, demand; requirement
according to the requirements, as required
average adjuster
compensation for damages, damages, compensation for losses; compensation for disturbance; damages
claim for damages
claim for damages, claim for reparation, claim for insurance compensation
liability for damages, indemnity liability (e.g. insurance)
harm, damage; trouble, accident; mistake; loss
repair of damage
indemnity insurance, insurance against loss or damage, risk insurance, property insurance against possible damage, insurance to compensate for losses
confirmation, ratification; to sign, undersign; reinforcement
positive feedback process
confirmation
gains from exchange
thin market
stages
sequential game (game theory)
stage plan
replacement
volatility
range, range of variation
trade, barter; change, exchange; transplant, transfer; turnover
inventory accruals, accruals of inventory
inventory turnover, inventory turnover ratio
inventory increase
inventory decrease
current assets, inventories; stocks (accounting)
exchange value, value in exchange
alternative, option, choice
alternative transport fuel
alternative energy sources
opportunity cost
alternative use value, the value of the alternative use
alternative cost
alternative calculation
country's current account (balance of payments), current account, current account balance; external account, balance of payments, foreign balance; transaction table
current account deficit
current account surplus
convertible bonds
alternators
changing, volatile
adjustable rate, floating rate, variable interest rate
variable length, adjustable length
open-end fund
current assets
current assets
exceptional reduction in value of current assets
impacts
effect, impact, influence
impact area, service area
boundary of areas of influence, breaking point
negative feedback process
surface area
vacancy rate (rental)
undersubscription
person without legal capacity, ward
incapacity
firm right of possession
stable equilibrium
inflation-stabilising rate of unemployment
financially solid, solvent, established, solid, financially sound
solvency, creditworthiness
permanent contract
staff position
permanent, standard; constant
standard price method
indifference curve
constant returns to scale
standard contract
standard contract
constant term
permanent
regular customer
permanent residence, permanent accommodation, permanent home
regular customer
regular customer
established post, regular appointment, full-time job
collateralised mortgage obligation (CMO); secured mortgage bond
collateralised debt obligation
deposit of security; provision of security
secured party; holder in pawn; mortgagee; holder of a pledge
unsecured (loan)
collateral, security, loan security, pledge, guarantee, mortgage; confirmation, identification
valuation for lending purposes, collateral assessment
mortgage lending value (MLV)
Guarantee Fund
sequestration
guarantee certificate, certificate of guarantee, guarantee
collateral note
insurer, underwriter
insurer, underwriter
insurances
insurance
compliance statement, compliance declaration
certification of value
obligatory insurance
insurance cost, insurance assessment, insurance amount, insurance valuation
insurance valuation
insurable value, insured value, insurance cost, insurance assessment, insurance amount
insurance conditions, terms of insurance
insurance certificate, certificate of insurance, insurance policy
loan under insurance policy
indemnity value, the amount of insurance indemnity
insurance premium, insurance indemnity, insurance compensation, insurance payment
insurance expenses, insurance costs
insurance premium, insurance payment
tax on certain insurance premiums, insurance premium tax
amount of insurance, sum insured
insurance advisor
compulsory (obligatory) insurance
insurance payment, insurance premium
insurance fraud
insurance fund, safety fund
insurance risk
contract of insurance, insurance contract, insurance agreement
insurance amount, insurance payment
insurance certificate
insurance association
insurance company
affidavit
fictious transaction, sham transaction, fictitious (simulated) contract (promise)
pseudo-legal, pro forma transaction, simulated transaction
segregation
selective migration
option, choice
selection
Selection Committee
selection criteria
selection process
benchmarking
select invoices
select source
appeal (decision, sentence, verdict); regret; complain
appellant, complainant, plaintiff, claimant, petitioner
complaint, appeal, cassation
appeal period, term for appeal, cassation period
appeal document, appeal, complaint
leave to appeal, permission to appeal
application for leave to appeal
right of appeal
appeal instructions
appeal process
white-collar worker
restriction of property rights
finished and semi-finished goods
finished products, goods
product, manufactured product, output
preparation
manufactured home, site-set home
finished goods inventory, product warehouse, stock of products
excise duty, excise tax; consumption tax levied on certain products
collection of excise duties
production for own use, manufacturing for (company's) own use
production accounting, factory accounting, cost calculation
production costs, costs of production, expenses of production
production costs, manufacturing costs, operating expenses, manufacturing expenses
production license, license for production
license, manufacturing permit, production license, license for production
producer state, manufacturing country, producing country
manufacturing method, production method
production monopoly
serial number, registration number, slip number
manufacturing instruction, technological instruction
production right, right to manufact
place of manufacture
production process, manufacturing process
production date, release date, due date, date of issue, manufacturing date
production accounting, production records
preparatory work, preliminary work
manufacturing stage, preparation period, manufacturing period
manufacturing defect, manufacturing fault, processing flaw
production year
production capacity, production facilities, production equipment
production unit, business unit
power
governing elite
letter of attorney, power of attorney; credentials, letters of credence
national land use guideline
national planning
main road, freeway, highway, motorway
claim impediment
claim
licence to work a mine
state, country
state-led economy, developmental state; state aims to promote the development of the economy
state language, official language
government securities, state securities
Housing Fund of Finland
fiscal year
state run public authorities, organs of government, bodies of state administration (government, management), public service
governmental cadastral authority, state cadastral authority
public land, state land, state-owned land
government spending, public expenses, state charge
government bond, government securities, state securities
state guaranteed loan for an owner-occupied apartment
Technical Research Centre of Finland
government bond
government authority, state authority
state aid, government grant
government subsidy, government aid, state subsidy, state allowance,
government transfers and grants
state budget, national budget
state pension
council of ministers, cabinet, government
government, public administration
state treasury, public finance
government loan
public office, public institution, government (governmental, state) agency
national flag, state flag, national colours
state loan, government stock, state credit, public credit
national (state) budget, public account, public finances
government expenditures, budget expenditures, government spending, public expenses, state charge
state forest
government monopoly, state monopoly, public monopoly
government bond
government securities, public securities, state securities
national property, public property, state property
central government transfers to local government, statutory government contributions
state bank, national bank
state police
head of state
state treasury, national treasury, government finance, public finances, treasury
state border, national boundary, international line
national railway, state railroad, state railway
state standard, government standard
state scholarship
public prosecutor, prosecutor
state guarantee
state guarantee
national economy, national economy, public finance
state audit
state aid, government support
state aid scheme
government revenues, budget revenues, revenues for the state, internal revenue, public revenue, national incomes
national insurance, state insurance
finance, public finance, public fund
anti-state, antistate
state debt, national debt, public debt
government debt crisis
state tax
state taxation
government agency, public office, public institution
government (public) service, civil service, state service
civil service employee (worker), official, public sector employee, public officer
civil service employee (worker), official, public sector employee, public officer
state company, state enterprise, government firm, state-owned company, public company; state-run enterprise, public enterprise, government enterprise
State University, state-run university
Ministry of Finance
authorised warehousekeeper, authorised warehouse keeper
authorisation
water catchment area
currency swap
currency
exchange rate
foreign exchange markets, foreign exchange market, currency market
exchange reserve, currency (foreign exchange) reserve
currency risk
foreign exchange losses, currency exchange losses
foreign currency bank account
supervisor, manager, co-ordinator
supervision, observation, control, inspection; guardianship
control system
monitoring report, follow-up report
control duty, control obligation, monitoring obligation
supervisor, supervisory authorities, supervisory body, committee of supervision
prisoners’ dilemma (game theory)
old
parental allowances
stale, expired
Programme for the Protection of Old-Growth-Forests
unoccupied, free, vacant
unallocated space
free trade; free market
free competition, unrestricted competition
issue of shares for new shareholders
non restricted equity capital
free share
vacant space
vacant space
free home delivery, free delivery
option; free choice, choice
convertible currency, convertible (hard) currency, freely convertible currency, free currency, freely convertible exchange
vacant position
vacation home
free zone
voluntary
voluntary insurance of an automobile itself; Casco, Casualty and Collision insurance, and Comprehensive motor vehicle insurance
voluntary compensation
voluntary transfer
ex gratia payment
voluntary liquidation
voluntary insurance
optional staff expenses
voluntary staff expenses
voluntary measures, voluntary actions
untaxed reserves (for example, guarantee reserve: takuuvaraus)
change in voluntary reserves, change in untaxed reserves
voluntary work, unpaid voluntary work
free rider
amount of free space, vacancy rate (real estate),
free port
free market
bonded warehouse, free store
release holds
discharge, rid
exemption (from charges); redemption
asset and liability regulation; treasury
treasurer
financial management
fiscal year
transfer tax, asset transfer tax
deputy member, supplementary member, associate, deputy
stand-by-for emergency duties, stand-by, duty, skeleton staff on duty, availability, being on call, being on duty, being on standby, being on reserve, on-call duty
stand-by compensation; compensation to the employee for being available for call-out to work, if required by the employer
wealth; assets (accounting)
asset price
property rights
law of property
wealth tax, net worth tax, net wealth tax
stock, reserves, fund, reserve fund
reserve fund, restricted reserves, legal reserve
warehouse, storage; stock
inventory budget
store‚ warehouse, stock, stockpile, reserve, bin, keep, garner, stow, store up
storage of goods
warehouse warrant
change in inventories
inventory accounting, stock accounting, stock bookkeeping
inventory entries
inventory turnover, inventory turnover ratio
increase in inventory
inventory change, change in inventory
inventory change account
stock cost revaluation, inventory reassessment
decrease in inventory
inventory management
inventory account, warehouse account
emergency electricity system
means, funds, resources; assets (accounting)
assets and liabilities
book, reserve, allocate, put aside, occupy, bag, hold, allot, charge
reserve details
reserve summary
provision, provisions for liabilities and charges, appropriations
provision (accounting); reserve; ordering, booking
variance (math.); inconsistency, discrepancy
verifiable information
use of funds
sources of funds
careful, cautious, wary; prudent
prudence, guardedness
principle of prudence, precautionary principle
prudential policy
precautionary saving
actual member
security
shipping company
Left Alliance
defendant
consignee, receiver, recipient, acceptor, addressee
Received for Shipment Bill of Lading
to whom this may concern; as a begin for formal letter to an unknown recipient; to the recipient
acceptance, receipt; reception, meeting
date of receipt, time of receipt
receiving region
place of receipt, reception site, place of delivery
examination procedure for approval
certificate of receipt
active part of balance sheet, assets
assets (accounting)
opposite
future capital expense
future losses
future expenditure
counterclaim, cross-claim, counter-claim, counter action
counter-entry
opposite, contrary, contradictory, counter to
opposite number
opposite polynomial
opposing party, counterparty
counterparty risk
counterclaim
appellant’s or respondent’s rejoinder
countercyclical
counteroffer
contra account, counter account, offset account, opposite account
countermeasure
passive part of balance sheet, equity and liabilities
liabilities (accounting)
answer
adverse selection
reciprocity
involuntary
management charge, management fee, payment, compensation, remuneration
land for exchange
compensation for unused compensatory leave
against payment, for consideration, remunerative
free, gratuitous, without refund, without compensation
gratuitous transfer
gratuitous acquisition
corresponding angles
corresponding points
co-financing, co-funding
co-financing authority, co-financier
co-financing, co-funding
corresponding sides
liability
responsible person, person in charge
exclusion of liability, limitation of liability
general partner, responsible partner
liability insurance
discharge from liability, discharge from obligations
wealth, prosperity
damaged property
conducting of water, water diversion, export, water drainage, drainage system
water cooling
water supply
water level
water right, water use right
water catchment, water intake
abstraction of water
right to a water supply
water catchment, water intake
water control, water regulation
note receivable
purchase on credit
debtor, covenantor, borrower
liabilities (accounting), debts
liabilities and shareholder's equity
amounts owed to participating interest companies
liabilities to shareholders, amounts owed to shareholders
liabilities to group members companies
free from debt, unlevered
debt
debt-to-ebitda ratio
debt-to-equity ratio, debt-to-asset ratio, gearing, gearing ratio, risk ratio, leverage ratio
in debt
promissory note, debt liability, debt instrument, bill of debt, bond
debt programme
share of liabilities
promissory note, debt liability
note payable
creditor, lender
accounts payable increase
accounts payable decrease
charge
accounting entry is made on the debit side of the account, debit
charging
debit (in accounting: debit and credit)
injunction, obligation
obligation, duty
web auction
online shop, online store, webshop
e-invoicing, e-invoice
online service, internet service
online bank user identifier, Netbank online code; personal security codes (id-code) for using bank account via internet
website, web site
website support
e-contract, agreement created and "signed" in electronic form, agreement online, electronic contract, online electronic contract
network
networking
network economies of scale
network economies of scale
tax
property tax, tax on property
object of taxation
tax territory
tax consultant
tax department, tax inspection department
state official representing the interests of tax recipients
tax ratio
tax scale
tax representative
tax proposal; summary of income and wealth sent for inspection to a natural person liable to taxation
advance tax payment, tax prepayment
tax administration
National Board of Taxes, authority in charge of tax administration
tax exemption, tax relief
tax relief
tax benefit
tax return, tax statement, tax declaration
advance tax payment, tax prepayment
tax collection, taxation, collection of tax
tax system
tax rate
tax period, taxable period
tax period for VAT
tax haven
tax consultant
tax code
tax card
tax expense
tax types
tax law
tax notice, tax statement, breakdown of taxes due
tax additions report
taxable, liable to taxation, chargeable to tax, subject to tax; including tax
price including tax
taxable account
tax roll
assessment, tax classification
tax bracket
tax model
tax change
tax incidence
debiting of tax
tax basis, tax base
taxable, liable to taxation, chargeable to tax, subject to tax
chargeability to tax, taxability, subjection to tax
tax reduction
assessor, tax assessor
tax transparency
tax consultant
tax exemption, tax relief, tax concession
tax collection
purpose of tax collection, purpose of levying taxes
tax evasion, tax fraud
tax increase, tax penalty, surcharge for late payment of tax
tax set-off
penalty for non-payment of tax in time, penalty for late payment of taxes, surtax
tax deferral
taxpayer
taxpayer ID
payment of taxes
tax-paying ability
liability to pay tax
tax adjustment, corrective assessment, rectification of an error in taxation
refund to the taxpayer of the amount of overpaid taxes, tax refund, noverpayment refund
tax recipient
rendering of account of taxes
tax number
tax services
tax haven
tax paid in kind
tax basis, tax base
basis of taxation
tax fraud
tax base
tax base
tax policy, fiscal policy
tax rate, tax percentage
tax rate calculation
tax due date, due date for tax payment
tax decision
tax reporting
tax burden
tax solution
tax offence
tax offences
tax treaty; double taxation agreement; agreement between states to avoid double taxation
tax avoidance, tax planning
tax compliance, tax provisions
tax losses
tax audit
tax audit report
tax level
excise duty table
tax table
taxable
taxable income
taxable profit
tax account
tax account transaction
local tax office
exempt from tax, tax-free, untaxed, tax exempt, tax free, duty free
charge tax, lay a tax on, to impose tax (on)
tax authorities
untaxed reserves
tax subsidy
implementation of taxation
tax revenue
Tax Identification Number
taxation, assessment (of taxes)
assessment, assessed valuation
taxable value, taxation value, assessed value, rateable value; estimated value of a taxable property
tax value calculation, taxable value calculation, taxation value calculation; assessed value calculation, rate able value calculation; calculation of estimated value of a taxable property
tax assessment unit, taxable unit
fiscal capacity
taxation rating, tax classification
Tax Procedure Act
power to levy (and collect) taxes, taxing power
place of assessment, place of taxation
tax base, tax basis, rate of assessment
tax-based, taxation-based
taxation-based reserves
tax decision
tax certificate
year of assessment, fiscal year
deemed partnership, not a juridical person
exempt from tax, tax-free, untaxed
tax free cost
exemption from taxation, exemption from taxes
tax revenue, tax assets
provisions for taxation
reserve for taxes
tax responsibility
tax liabilities
tax liability register
statement of outstanding taxes
liable to tax, subject to taxation, taxpayer
apply for taxpayer status
tax liability
taxpayer group
tax authority
tax department, tax office, regional tax office
tax surplus for the tax year
tax year, fiscal year
tax allowance, tax deduction
tax evasion
tax unit
tax rate, tax percentage, tax unit
tax unit
proportion
compare physical inventory
compare
comparison
comparable data
benchmarking, comparison analysis
adjustments (in appraisal)
benchmarking
comparable sales
comparable
comparability
comparable property
benchmark
comparative approach, comparative method
benchmark, basis for comparison, benchmark for comparison
control amount
elements of comparison, comparison factors
comparative figure, comparative information
tax audit for reference purposes; tax audit to gather reference information from sources other than the taxpayer
reference tax; tax to which the minimum income tax in the company’s taxation is compared
unit of comparison
peer-to-peer loan, P2P loan
peer-to-peer lending, P2P lending
water
water area
division of a water area
water protection
water supply, management of water services
water supply system, plumbing system
water supply plant
Act on Water Services
charges for water services
water supply plant network
alluvion, alluvial deposit; reliction area
coercive purchase of a reliction area
accretion; reliction, dereliction
public water works, water power station
Water Act
water bill
water rate
determination of water boundaries
water system, watershed
water economy
water damage
water resources
hydroelectric power, hydropower, water power
watercourse (drivable), fairwater, fairway
right to veto
appeal
units of volume
petition
sewer, sewerage, drain; drainage pipe; drain hole
public sewerage system
sewer system, sewer net, drainage system
sewage tax, sewer connection fee
drainage, sewerage
trade, external export, export; accounting transaction; an entry
export sale
export subsidy
borrowing costs
alienation
outside services
liabilities, loan capital, creditors
adjacent
adjacent, neighbouring; adjoining
road-side area
adjacent angle
information and communication technology, ICT
information and communication technology, ICT
communication expenses
communication strategy
communication plan
communication network
green belt, green area, green zone, green belt (e.g. around the city)
green paper
green certificate
green electricity
entertainment
week
weekly rest compensation; compensation paid for work performed during weekly rest times
visa and residence permit to Finland
visa, tourist visa, Business Schengen Visa
Visa-free entry into the country
A visa-free cruise
Visa-free regime
framework
logical framework, logical framework matrix
reference rate
reference number
reference
barcode
penalty interest
penalty interest, late payment penalty, late-payment interest, overdue fine, invoice penalty interest
late payment penalty
non - deductible late payment penalty
late fee
failure, break, damage, defect
fertility
farm, plantation
cultivated area
arable land, cultivated land
emblements
open field system, joint ownership of arable land
genuineness, sincerity, good faith
bona fide, in good faith
sincere, impartial, frank, straightforward
oblique angle
rhombus
skewness, skew, curvature
leverage
official, formal
official inspection
formality
principle of judicial investigation; formality principle
ex officio
civil servant, public authority, administrative authority, official, public officer
valuation by the authorities
official permission
office, bureau, agency
litigious procedure
commencement of proceedings
defect, error, damage
false, erroneous, flawed, incorrect, inaccurate
false registration; incorrectly registered
correction of a mistake
penalty fee; penalty imposed by tax authorities where a taxpayer neglects his/her duty to notify or provides incorrect information to the tax authorities
clerical error
slip of the pen, error
public office, public post, position, job, post
executive assistance, judicial assistance
service
official certificate; extract from the population register
misconduct (in office), official misconduct
free-time activities
recreation area, amenity area, amenity land
river, stream, flow; electric current, current
current; trend; direction, flow
excise duty on soft drinks
duty on soft drinks, excise duty on soft drinks
vision
visions (prospects)
leverage ratio
coming into force, becoming effective
date of entry into force, effective date
effective date
electric transmission line
valid until
effective, in force, valid
term, term of a contract, effective period of a contract, validity
effective date from
resources
electric power company, power company
lubricant
positive risk; chance of winning
profit-sharing, distribution of profit, allocation of profits
transfer of profit
profit
earnings before interests and taxes (EBIT)
profit before extraordinary items
profit before appropriations and taxes, profit before transfers and taxes
profit and loss
profit from sales (products)
profit-and-loss account
dividend
profit sharing, participation (share) in the profits
interest in profits, share in the profits
non-profit organisation, non-profit making organisation
effective tax rate on profits
profit margin
price markup, relative profit margin
profit-sharing bonus; remuneration distributed among employees and determined based in the company's profits
profit percentage, percentage of profitability, percentage of profit
profit target
profit and loss account
payments from profits, profits tax
profit
profit tax
tax in kind
volatility
volume, size
volume meter, volume indicator, electrical speech level meter
flow chart
rent, fixed-term lease, lease, tenancy
lease term, term of a lease, tenancy
leased land, leased territory
redemption of a lease, redemption of the rental area
rental dwelling, leased apartment, rental flat
rented housing market
vacant, unlet
renting; leasing
leasehold terms, terms of the lease, tenancy conditions
landlady
forehand rent, deposit
leasehold
rental room
rented flat, rental apartment
housing service, rental service
renovation, improvement of leasehold apartment
landlord
rent inducement
rent ceiling
leased property, leasehold property, rental property
rents, rental costs
rental costs
lessee, tenant, leaseholder
tenant representation, tenant representation activities
tenant's fixtures, tenant's furniture
leasing, rental
rent, rent payment, leasing charge
rental market
rent market, rental market
rent expense account
rental expenses
lessee, tenant
stepped rents, rent escalations, rent indexation
reduction in rent, rent reduction
lessor, landlord
landlord's lien
rent increase
rental period
rent free period
leasehold value
leaseholder, holder of a lease
compensation for lease interest
assignment of a lease, transfer of a lease
sublease, assignment of a lease, transfer of a lease, lease assignment
leasehold, lease interest, lease, leasehold interest
rent request; rent price
tenancy dispute
arrears of rent
lease receivables, rent receivable
assignment of a lease, transfer of a lease
assignment of a lease, transfer of a lease
lease, leasehold agreement, tenancy agreement, rental agreement
tenancy, rental relationship
rent control
lease out, rent out, let; lease, rent
rental guarantee
tenement, tenement-house
housing company
loss of rent
rental level
rent-free
site leasehold possession, rental land management
leasehold site, rented plot
site leasehold register
leasable area
leasable space, rentable space
rental revenue account
rental income
rental income
leased employee
temporary staff, temporary labor, temporary personnel, temporary work force
leasing, letting on lease, renting
occupancy rate
collateral, rent security deposit, rent deposit, rent guarantee
day, twenty-four hours
daily rest period
alternation allowance, job alternation compensation
additional compensation for shift work
social interaction
interaction (in planning)
year
annual declaration, annual information return
annual discount
year end bonuses
consolidated, general, master budget, comprehensive budget, annual profit plan
annual review
annual report
annual income limit
annual interest rate, annual percentage rate, annual percentage rate of charge
annual additions report
annual leave, annual holiday, regular leave (provided once a year)
annual holiday, regular leave (provided once a year)
holiday premium, annual holiday compensation
holiday pay
holiday premium, holiday pay, vacation pay
quarter
annual report
annual level, annual basis
annual statement, annual report
annually, every year
annual supervision, annual monitoring
annual income limit
floating policy, open cover, open policy
annual growth
annual interest, interest per annum, per cent per annum
zone
registration of population data
population growth
civic defences
population problem, population issue
population register
registry office
minority interest
minuend
VAT deduction
deductible tax
depreciated replacement cost, reduced replacement cost method
deductions
deductions from a bank loan
deduction, subtraction, discount, reduction, decrease
deductible from taxable amount, giving a tax discount, providing a tax discount
non-deductible, non-deductible from taxable amount
non - deductible late payment penalty
subtraction
subtraction expression
right of deduction, right to deduct
subtrahend
reduction
living wage, minimum salary
minimum share capital
minimum income
minimum requirements
minimum lease payments
least developed countries
retailing, retail trade
low demand, sluggish demand, slack demand
minor deviation
minor importance
sparsely wooded
low-emission, fuel efficient, low-carbon
temporary
interim finance, temporary funding
temporary tax-exempt use
mid-term evaluation, interim assessment
intervention
indirect
indirect costs
indirect ownership
indirect investment
indirect tax
indirect costs
indirect costs
arbitration
interim financial report
interim report, progress report, intermediate report
temporary account
interim financial statements
broker, intermediary
intermediary organisation
correspondent bank‚ advising bank
direct beneficiaries
direct beneficiaries
direct expenses, direct costs
direct costs, direct expenditure
direct objectives
intermediate product
commission, brokerage fee
commission, brokerage
commission rate, commission percentage
direct
direct tax; tax to be paid directly by the taxpayer
route, highway, motorway, freeway
fairway fee, fairway dues, fairway charge
encroachment, misuse
bias, deviation from the norm, distortion
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